Observatory structure:

The observatory structure will be made up of 6 work packages (WPs), as follows:

1. Technological WP: it will deal with the different instrument networks, as well as with the common infrastructures such as the transmission systems and the data acquisition. In particular, the main activities will be:

• 1a. Design, setup, installation and maintenance of the seismic network;

• 1b. Design, setup, installation and maintenance of the geodetic network;

• 1c. Design, setup, installation and maintenance of the gas geochemistry and thermal network;

• 1d. Design, setup, installation and maintenance of the transmission systems;

• 1e. Design, setup, installation and maintenance of the data acquisition framework.

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2. Seismological WP: it will deal with the analysis of the seismic data. In particular, in close collaboration with the Seismological Observatory, the main activities will be:

• 2a. Development of toolboxes to automatically analyse the seismic real-time data stream;

• 2b. Integration and interpretation of the acquired seismic data, in terms of characterization of source mechanisms (i.e. discrimination between volcano and cryosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere signals) and their evolution over time. 

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3. Geodetic WP: it will deal with the analysis and interpretation of the geodetic data, which will be performed in collaboration with the Geodetic Observatory. The main activities will be:

• 3a. Development of toolboxes to automatically analyse the GNSS data stream continuously updating the coordinates of the installed stations; this activity will be performed in strict collaboration with the Geodetic Observatory for producing common datasets, integrated and comparable with the regional geodetic frame;

• 3b. Integration and interpretation of the acquired geodetic data, in terms of ground deformation patterns, time series, source modelling and their evolution over time;

• 3c. Evaluation of potential availability and suitability of remote sensing datasets, useful for ground deformation monitoring, and integration of different datasets and methods; 

• 3d. Microgravimetric measurements and data analyses on the same sites as GNSS stations. This activity will be useful for characterising the magmatic source, and the co-location with GNSS stations will help the logistics and the data correction for vertical deformation.

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4. Gas geochemical and thermal WP: it will deal with the analysis of geochemical gas data acquired by direct and remote sensing approaches, as well as with thermal data. The main activities will be:

• 4a. Development of toolboxes to automatically analyse the data acquired by the geochemical and thermal networks;

• 4b. Discrete surveys and sampling of the gases released by the fumarolic field within the ice caves and external in proximity of the volcano rim. Also topographic surveys and biological samplings (in collaboration with an eventual biological observatory or other microbiologists’ projects) will be performed;

• 4c. Integration and interpretation of the geochemical data collected by permanent and discrete approaches, comparison and integration with meteorological data in collaboration with the Meteorological Observatory.

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5. Geological and rock geochemistry WP: it will deal with the investigation of the volcanic rock samples collected on the volcanic edifices, aiming at reconstructing the eruptive history of volcanoes and characterizing the eruptions and the geochemistry of the products. This information is necessary for a reliable long-term hazard evaluation. In particular, the main activities will be:

• 5a. Geological surveys and rock sampling;

• 5b. Rock dating by radiometric Ar-Ar method on single feldspar crystals;

• 5c. Geochemistry of the volcanic products, in particular major and trace elements composition by means of Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass.

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6. Data integration and sharing WP: it will deal with the organisation, joint integration and sharing of the multiparametric data collected by WPs 2, 3, 4 and 5. In particular, the main activities will be:

• 6a. Organisation and joint interpretation of the acquired multiparametric data, to get comprehensive insights into the volcano state and dynamics;

• 6b. Development of a database/website to share and distribute the data to the scientific community (Figure 3);

• 6c. Education and outreach tasks.